Mobile Generations

1st Generation of Mobile phone:

In First Generation (which is between in 1980s), there was different Mobile communication systems, Which used for analog mobile phones.

The Systems are:

NMT,

AMPS/TACS/ETACS,

Hicap, CDPD, Mobitex, DataTac

2nd Generation of Mobile phone:

In Second Generation (which is between in 1990s), there was different mobile communication systems. 

The Systems are:
GSM, iDEN, D-AMPS, IS-95/cdma one, PDC, CSD, PHS, GPRS, HSCSD, WiDEN, CDMA2000 1XRTT/ IS-2OOO, EDGE (EGPRS

3rd Generation of Mobile phone:

In third Generation (At the beginning of 21st Century), there was more mobile communication systems were developed.

The Systems are:

W-CDMA, UMTS(3GSM), FOMA, TD-CDMA/UMTS- TDD, 1XEV-DO/IS-856, TD-SCDMA, GAN/UMA, HSDPA, HSUPA, HSOPA.

4th Generation of Mobile phone:

As the limitation of the 3G, people are try to make new generation of mobile communication, this is the 4th generation. This 4G system is more reliable,

Nowadays, some companies have started developing the 4G communication system, this technology can have a high uplink rate up to 200Mbps, more data can transfer in the mobile phone. So the 4G mobile can have more function such as work as the television. Some telecommunication companies claimed that they would applied this 4G system to the business and it will bring more convenience to people

HISTORY OF MOBILE PHONE

First Invention of Mobile phone

In December 1947, D. H. Ring, a Bell Labs engineer, proposed hexagonal cells for mobile phones. Phil Porter, also of Bell Labs, proposed that the cell towers be at the corners of the hexagons rather than the centers and have directional antennas that would transmit/receive in 3 directions. The technology did not exist then and the frequencies had not yet been allocated. Cellular technology was undeveloped until the 1960s, when Richard Frenkiel and Joel Engel of Bell Labs developed the electronics.

After Some Inventions 

Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola, with the DynaTAC 8000X, first unveiled in 1983. Dr. Cooper made the first analogue mobile phone call on a larger prototype model in 1973.

Mobile Phone?

Mobile phone is a Communication Device, through which we Communicate with others. Nowadays, mobile phone is one of the most essential things of people. It takes much convince for people. The technology of mobile phone is increase rapidly everyday. More and more people are using mobile phone than the world could have ever imagined in the past. It is predicted that by 2005, there will be 1.6 billion mobile phone users world wide. Form 1st generation up to now, people want to build up a mobile.

WHAT IS COMMUNICATION ?

• Communication is the name of giving or receiving information. Communication can be understood as the passing of information in humans, animals, computers, or any other cognitive entity. In a broader sense communication can refer to almost any type of movement, be it matter, energy, force or some effect. Space and time might be the only things that can't themselves be communicated.

• Human communication refers to the social interaction of giving and receiving information for the purpose of not only understanding, but also facilitating social connection. communication allows us to give this information to others for the purpose of enriching life for ourselves and others. when speaking about communication it is very important to be sure about what kind of communication are we speaking about, mainly: what type of things are communicated, between what agents, and with what kind of results. There are many ways or we can say that We have many Technology to communicate with others.

Introduction of files and database storage

• • A collection of data or information that has a name, called the filename.
  • Almost all information stored in a computer must be in a file.
  • There are many different types of files: data files, text files, program files, directory files, and so on.
  • Different types of files store different types of information. For example, program files store programs, whereas text files store text.
    All information on your computer is stored in files.
  • it may contain a computer program, a word processing document, a photographic image, sounds, a link to a Web page, a video clip, an animation, a spreadsheet.
  •  
  • DATABASE STORAGE
     
    
    • A collection of information organized and presented to serve a specific purpose.
    • A telephone book is a common database.)
    • A computerized database is an updated, organized file of machine readable information that is rapidly searched and retrieved by computer.
    • A collection of related information. All the data about a calf crop might be called a database.
     
    

ONLINE ANALYTICAL PROCESSING

•It may involve the use of specialized servers and multidimensional databases.

•Fast answers to complex queries posed by managers and analysts using management, decision support, and executive information systems.

SOFTWARE PIRACY

Copyright

  A copyright provides its holder the right to restrict unauthorized copying and reproduction of an original expression (i.e. literary work, movie, music, painting, software, mask work, etc.)

Shareware

  Shareware (Try before you buy) is a marketing method, not a type of software.

Public Domain

  Information in the public domain is open for free use by the public, so public.

  A term which is often used to refer to computer software for which the author   has released rights to the general public.

WIRELESS MOBILE COMMUNICATION

Communication Technology

Wireless

•Communication use media but without any physical pathway.

•Pass the signal through radio waves.

Bluetooth

A low level bandwidth system use in Mobile phone technology.

It transmit Packet, each packet consist:

Network ID, Device ID, Logical Channel Identifire ID.

This type of network is called PICO NET.

Diagram

Diagram 2

Physical Layout of Network.

What is a Network?

• • Interconnectivity between computer is called Network:
  •  The network must have:
  •   Something to share  (Services)
  •   Physical Pathway  (Medium)
  •   Rules of Communication  (Protocol)

Multi User's

Multi-User Operating System

A multi-user Operating System allows for multiple users to use the same computer at the same time and/or different times.  

Linux

UNIX

Windows 2000

Multi-Multi Processing Operating System

An Operating System capable of supporting and utilizing more than one computer processor. Below are some examples of multiprocessing Operating Systems.

         Linux

         UNIX

         Windows 2000

Multi-Tasking Operating System

An Operating systems that is capable of allowing multiple software processes to be run at the same time. Below are some examples of multitasking Operating Systems.

         UNIX

         Windows 2000

Operating System Types

• • The winner in the PC market  was MS-DOS, Microsoft's Disk Operating System,
    
  • Windows 95 and Windows 98 are actual operating systems on their own.
    
    
  •  Windows Me (Windows Millennium Edition) is an upgrade of Windows 98.
    
    • Windows 2000 is an upgrade of Windows NT rather than of Windows 98.
    
    
    • Windows XP is an upgrade to Windows 2000. It comes in two versions - Home and Professional.
    
    
    • Windows CE is for small devices like palmtop and handheld computers.
  
  

Operating System Hireachy

What is an Operating System

• • It is a core software component of your computer.
  • To provide link between user & interface.
  • It controls all hardware of a computer.
  • It also admit the Peripheral devices.
  • Capable to attend PnP devices.

TYPES OF TRANSLATORS

 Assemblers

•  That generate machine code instructions.
•  Use mnemonics when writing source code programs.
•  Variables are represented by symbolic names.
•  Do not  Memory locations as variable name.
•  Symbolic code is easier to read and follow.
•  Error checking is provided.
•  Changes can be made easily incorporated with a re-assembly.

INTERPRETER

•  The source code run through a program called an interpreter.
•  It translate the code line by line.
•  Suspend execution on error.
•  Qbasic & Gw-Basic use Interpreter.
  
  COMPILER
  
  

  • It translate the whole program at once.
  • Produce report of errors/ warning after translating whole program.
  • Line & Colum also mentioned in report.
  • Do not run the program if any of the logical / syntax error exist.
  • C , Pascal , & C++ use this technique.

  
  
  
  
  

Programming Languages

It is used to write some instruction for computer to take  work  by user.

1. First Generation ( 1GL )    Machine Language
2. Second Generation ( 2GL )  Basic Assembly Language  Turbo Assembler.
3. Third Generation( 3GL )  Gw-Basic, C,C++, Cobol
4. Fourth Generation ( 4GL )  Visual Languages
5.  Fifth Generation (5GL)   AI Languages LISP,PROLOG
6.  Sixth Generation (6GL)    Multithread Language Java Language.

Secondary Storage...

• 
  • which stores data internally.
  • Using removable storage devices such as:
  • Hard disk
  • DVD
  • CD-RW 700MB
  • USB Data Traveler 128 MB upto 1GB
  • Zip Device 100 MB
  • Floppy Disk 1.44 Mb
  • Tape Storage  200 MB

Read Only Memory

• • ROM is memory that stores a fixed set of data permanently.
  • This data can be read but not changed.
  • Computer manufacturers use ROM chips for permanent storage of frequently used programs in the computer's main memory.
  • It comes in many shapes:
  • EPROM
  • EEPROM

Random Access Memory

• • A chip that stores data temporary.
  • The content of any memory location can be read or changed.
  • The more RAM enhanced the computer speed.
  • It is also called Volatile RAM.
  • It comes in many shapes:
  • SIMM
  • DIMM
  • SDRAM
  • DDR

Byte Measurement

• • Bit 1-0  
  • Nibble (4 bits)
  • Byte (8 bits) 
  • Kilobyte (1024 bytes) 
  • Megabyte (aprox. 1 million bytes) 
  • Gigabyte (aprox. 1 billion bytes) 
  • Terabytes (aprox. 1 trillion bytes)
  • Hexabytes (aprox. 100 trillion bytes)

Bits and Bytes...

• • Computer accept binary digits 1 and 0.
  • Each 1 or 0 comprises one bit of information.
  • An eight-bit group, referred to as one byte can  store a single character.
  • Exp. the letter A is one byte of information.

Special Use of Computers.

Artificial Intelligence

Expert Systems   

An Expert System is a Software or package used with an extensive set of organized data that presents the computer as an expert on a particular topic.

 Or programs that can take the decision-making and problem-solving thought processes of human experts.  Ex. a computer could be an expert on where to drill oil wells.

 

Robotics

 A Robot is a computer-controlled device that can physically manipulate its surroundings.

 There are a wide variety of sizes and shapes of robots, each designed with a particular use in mind.

 The most common industrial robots sold today are mechanical devices with five or size directions of motion so that they can rotate into proper position to perform their tasks.

Virtual Reality

 The concept of virtual reality some time called just VR.

 VR engage a user in a computer-created environment so that the user physically interacts.

 User is so absorbed with the virtual reality interaction that the process is called  immersion.

Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing

CAD/CAM

 Computer Aided Design / Computer Aided Manufacturing are the software.

 Which are use to create two or three dimensional maps and pictures.

 Most common software is AutoCAD use for civil & mechanical  engineering.

 

Hybrid Computers..??

• • Combination of Analogue and Digital Computers.
  • They have speed of Analogue Computers and Accuracy of Digital Computers.
  • Equipped with special conversion devices.
  • It utilizes both analogue and digital representation of data.
  • It is used in Control Passenger Flight Radar ATC.
  • Modern Petrol Pumps pumping fuel.
  • Vehicles wheel alignment.

Digital Computers..??

• • The general purpose machine.
  • A Digital Computer works with data in discrete form i.e. directly as the digits of Binary Code.
  • It has a code scheme called ASCII table.
  • Digital Computers can be programmed.
  • Digital Computers control various manufacturing operations, machine tools, and Complex Laboratory and Hospital Instruments (Like ECG Machines), and also Space Aircraft and Air Planes.

Analogue Computers.???

• • The special purpose machine.
  • It varying physical quantities.
  • Such as current, voltage, pressure, temperature, revolutions, speed of sound, angular positions, etc.
  • Simulating or monitoring and controlling continuous processes in industry or scientific research.
  • Used in A Common Ruler, a Thermometer, an Automobile Speedometer, an AVO-meter.

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS

• 1. FIRST GENARATION ( 1943 - 1956)

 (1943) ENIAC (Electronic Number Integrator and   Calculator)

 (1945)EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable   Automatic Computer )

 (1947)  SSEC (Selective Sequence Electronic   Calculator)

 (1955-56)  IMB 702-704

• 2. SECOND GENARATION ( 1957 - 1964)

( 1957 ) TRADIC ( Transistorized Digital Computer )

( 1958 ) NCR 304 ( National Cash Register Computer )

( 1960 ) IMB 1401

(1961 ) TRANSAC   S-2000

(1963 ) CDC  CD-1406

(1964 )  CDC  CD-6600

• 3. THIRD GENARATION ( 1965 - 1971)

( 1964 )  IBM  360 Series.

( 1966 )  GE 600 Series.

( 1968 )  UNIVAC  1108.

( 1969 )  DEC Series.

( 1970 )  IBM  370 Series.

• 4. FOURTH GENARATION ( 1972 - 1989 )
  
  ( 1972 ) Intel 404 Chip.
  ( 1973 ) Intel 8008 &  8080 Chip.
  ( 1974 ) Intel 8085 & 8088 Chip.
  ( 1976 )  SC-Cray-1
  ( 1982 ) Cyber - 205
  (1988 ) IBM - 370/168  
  
  

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

• 1 . The Dark Age (3000 B.C  -  1890 A.D)

ABBACUS
About  3000 B.C   the “ Abbacus ”  was   developed  by  CHINA.

Napier’s Bones

In 1617 A .D  John Napier designed  a device“ Napier’s Bones.

• 2 . The Middle Age  (1890 A.D  -  1944 A.D) 

  Dr.Herman Hollerith , developed  a  3 X 4 inch  Punch Card

Dr.James Power developed  20 -column Punching Machine.

• 3 . The Modern Age  (Since  1944 A.D )
• In 1944, an Electro-Mechanical computer “ Mark - I “ was build by
  IBM .  Mark -II  was  launched  in 1945.
  Afterwards fully electronic computers were developed.   

Input and OutputInput and Output

• 
  • A modem (modulator/demodulator).
  • Converting data from analog signal to digital signal & vice versa.
  • It transmit data over telephone lines.
  • It can be either a peripheral device or be embedded in the system unit.
  • Modem works as Input / Output device both sender / Receiver sides.

Output Devices

• 
  • Output devices accept instruction from Input devices CPU process the raw data into useful form called Information (DATA) it may be in many shapes:
  •  Picture.
  •  Raw Data.
  •  Voice / Sound.
  •  

More Input Devices…..

• Scanners records image files from photographs and drawings.
• Scanners with (OCR) convert images to text.
• Scanned photograph file size depends its Picxles quality.
• Barcode readers scan information from barcodes as electronic data.
• Barcodes identify books in libraries and products in stores.
• Bar code contains unique No. or different prices in it.

More Input Devices...

• 
  • Video cameras.
  • Video cameras transmit images.
  • Microphones and speech recognition units.
  • We can store our vocal sound in Digital form.