Introduction of files and database storage

• • A collection of data or information that has a name, called the filename.
  • Almost all information stored in a computer must be in a file.
  • There are many different types of files: data files, text files, program files, directory files, and so on.
  • Different types of files store different types of information. For example, program files store programs, whereas text files store text.
    All information on your computer is stored in files.
  • it may contain a computer program, a word processing document, a photographic image, sounds, a link to a Web page, a video clip, an animation, a spreadsheet.
  •  
  • DATABASE STORAGE
     
    
    • A collection of information organized and presented to serve a specific purpose.
    • A telephone book is a common database.)
    • A computerized database is an updated, organized file of machine readable information that is rapidly searched and retrieved by computer.
    • A collection of related information. All the data about a calf crop might be called a database.
     
    

TYPES OF TRANSLATORS

 Assemblers

•  That generate machine code instructions.
•  Use mnemonics when writing source code programs.
•  Variables are represented by symbolic names.
•  Do not  Memory locations as variable name.
•  Symbolic code is easier to read and follow.
•  Error checking is provided.
•  Changes can be made easily incorporated with a re-assembly.

INTERPRETER

•  The source code run through a program called an interpreter.
•  It translate the code line by line.
•  Suspend execution on error.
•  Qbasic & Gw-Basic use Interpreter.
  
  COMPILER
  
  

  • It translate the whole program at once.
  • Produce report of errors/ warning after translating whole program.
  • Line & Colum also mentioned in report.
  • Do not run the program if any of the logical / syntax error exist.
  • C , Pascal , & C++ use this technique.

  
  
  
  
  

Programming Languages

It is used to write some instruction for computer to take  work  by user.

1. First Generation ( 1GL )    Machine Language
2. Second Generation ( 2GL )  Basic Assembly Language  Turbo Assembler.
3. Third Generation( 3GL )  Gw-Basic, C,C++, Cobol
4. Fourth Generation ( 4GL )  Visual Languages
5.  Fifth Generation (5GL)   AI Languages LISP,PROLOG
6.  Sixth Generation (6GL)    Multithread Language Java Language.

Secondary Storage...

• 
  • which stores data internally.
  • Using removable storage devices such as:
  • Hard disk
  • DVD
  • CD-RW 700MB
  • USB Data Traveler 128 MB upto 1GB
  • Zip Device 100 MB
  • Floppy Disk 1.44 Mb
  • Tape Storage  200 MB

Read Only Memory

• • ROM is memory that stores a fixed set of data permanently.
  • This data can be read but not changed.
  • Computer manufacturers use ROM chips for permanent storage of frequently used programs in the computer's main memory.
  • It comes in many shapes:
  • EPROM
  • EEPROM

Random Access Memory

• • A chip that stores data temporary.
  • The content of any memory location can be read or changed.
  • The more RAM enhanced the computer speed.
  • It is also called Volatile RAM.
  • It comes in many shapes:
  • SIMM
  • DIMM
  • SDRAM
  • DDR

Byte Measurement

• • Bit 1-0  
  • Nibble (4 bits)
  • Byte (8 bits) 
  • Kilobyte (1024 bytes) 
  • Megabyte (aprox. 1 million bytes) 
  • Gigabyte (aprox. 1 billion bytes) 
  • Terabytes (aprox. 1 trillion bytes)
  • Hexabytes (aprox. 100 trillion bytes)

Bits and Bytes...

• • Computer accept binary digits 1 and 0.
  • Each 1 or 0 comprises one bit of information.
  • An eight-bit group, referred to as one byte can  store a single character.
  • Exp. the letter A is one byte of information.

Special Use of Computers.

Artificial Intelligence

Expert Systems   

An Expert System is a Software or package used with an extensive set of organized data that presents the computer as an expert on a particular topic.

 Or programs that can take the decision-making and problem-solving thought processes of human experts.  Ex. a computer could be an expert on where to drill oil wells.

 

Robotics

 A Robot is a computer-controlled device that can physically manipulate its surroundings.

 There are a wide variety of sizes and shapes of robots, each designed with a particular use in mind.

 The most common industrial robots sold today are mechanical devices with five or size directions of motion so that they can rotate into proper position to perform their tasks.

Virtual Reality

 The concept of virtual reality some time called just VR.

 VR engage a user in a computer-created environment so that the user physically interacts.

 User is so absorbed with the virtual reality interaction that the process is called  immersion.

Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing

CAD/CAM

 Computer Aided Design / Computer Aided Manufacturing are the software.

 Which are use to create two or three dimensional maps and pictures.

 Most common software is AutoCAD use for civil & mechanical  engineering.

 

Hybrid Computers..??

• • Combination of Analogue and Digital Computers.
  • They have speed of Analogue Computers and Accuracy of Digital Computers.
  • Equipped with special conversion devices.
  • It utilizes both analogue and digital representation of data.
  • It is used in Control Passenger Flight Radar ATC.
  • Modern Petrol Pumps pumping fuel.
  • Vehicles wheel alignment.

Digital Computers..??

• • The general purpose machine.
  • A Digital Computer works with data in discrete form i.e. directly as the digits of Binary Code.
  • It has a code scheme called ASCII table.
  • Digital Computers can be programmed.
  • Digital Computers control various manufacturing operations, machine tools, and Complex Laboratory and Hospital Instruments (Like ECG Machines), and also Space Aircraft and Air Planes.

Analogue Computers.???

• • The special purpose machine.
  • It varying physical quantities.
  • Such as current, voltage, pressure, temperature, revolutions, speed of sound, angular positions, etc.
  • Simulating or monitoring and controlling continuous processes in industry or scientific research.
  • Used in A Common Ruler, a Thermometer, an Automobile Speedometer, an AVO-meter.

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS

• 1. FIRST GENARATION ( 1943 - 1956)

 (1943) ENIAC (Electronic Number Integrator and   Calculator)

 (1945)EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable   Automatic Computer )

 (1947)  SSEC (Selective Sequence Electronic   Calculator)

 (1955-56)  IMB 702-704

• 2. SECOND GENARATION ( 1957 - 1964)

( 1957 ) TRADIC ( Transistorized Digital Computer )

( 1958 ) NCR 304 ( National Cash Register Computer )

( 1960 ) IMB 1401

(1961 ) TRANSAC   S-2000

(1963 ) CDC  CD-1406

(1964 )  CDC  CD-6600

• 3. THIRD GENARATION ( 1965 - 1971)

( 1964 )  IBM  360 Series.

( 1966 )  GE 600 Series.

( 1968 )  UNIVAC  1108.

( 1969 )  DEC Series.

( 1970 )  IBM  370 Series.

• 4. FOURTH GENARATION ( 1972 - 1989 )
  
  ( 1972 ) Intel 404 Chip.
  ( 1973 ) Intel 8008 &  8080 Chip.
  ( 1974 ) Intel 8085 & 8088 Chip.
  ( 1976 )  SC-Cray-1
  ( 1982 ) Cyber - 205
  (1988 ) IBM - 370/168  
  
  

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

• 1 . The Dark Age (3000 B.C  -  1890 A.D)

ABBACUS
About  3000 B.C   the “ Abbacus ”  was   developed  by  CHINA.

Napier’s Bones

In 1617 A .D  John Napier designed  a device“ Napier’s Bones.

• 2 . The Middle Age  (1890 A.D  -  1944 A.D) 

  Dr.Herman Hollerith , developed  a  3 X 4 inch  Punch Card

Dr.James Power developed  20 -column Punching Machine.

• 3 . The Modern Age  (Since  1944 A.D )
• In 1944, an Electro-Mechanical computer “ Mark - I “ was build by
  IBM .  Mark -II  was  launched  in 1945.
  Afterwards fully electronic computers were developed.   

Input and OutputInput and Output

• 
  • A modem (modulator/demodulator).
  • Converting data from analog signal to digital signal & vice versa.
  • It transmit data over telephone lines.
  • It can be either a peripheral device or be embedded in the system unit.
  • Modem works as Input / Output device both sender / Receiver sides.

Output Devices

• 
  • Output devices accept instruction from Input devices CPU process the raw data into useful form called Information (DATA) it may be in many shapes:
  •  Picture.
  •  Raw Data.
  •  Voice / Sound.
  •  

More Input Devices…..

• Scanners records image files from photographs and drawings.
• Scanners with (OCR) convert images to text.
• Scanned photograph file size depends its Picxles quality.
• Barcode readers scan information from barcodes as electronic data.
• Barcodes identify books in libraries and products in stores.
• Bar code contains unique No. or different prices in it.

More Input Devices...

• 
  • Video cameras.
  • Video cameras transmit images.
  • Microphones and speech recognition units.
  • We can store our vocal sound in Digital form.

Input Devices

• 
  • A means which computer follows instruction what to do.
  • The basic input devices:
  • keyboard and mouse.
  • Other alternative input devices available.
  •  A mouse which has ball work on tracking or sending signal by clicking.

Expansion Slots

• 
  • It can hold a video card and sound card.
  • That converts electronic data to video display.
  • Support for video 3D games.
  • The sound card enables the computer to transmit sounds.
  • Modem connect to the Internet.